Birthmarks are areas of discolouration or raised skin that appear at or shortly after birth. They can vary widely in size, colour, shape and texture – from small, faint patches to prominent raised areas.
While most pose no health risk and do not require treatment, some may change over time or affect appearance and confidence, particularly if they are located on visible areas such as the face or neck. In such cases, medical evaluation is recommended to determine whether monitoring or treatment is necessary.
These unique marks are categorised into two main categories, which depend on whether the marks are caused by blood vessel or pigmented cell changes.
The classifications are:
Vascular birthmarks result from abnormal clustering or growth of small blood vessels beneath the skin, giving rise to pink, red or purplish marks that may be flat or raised. Some fade with time, while others may persist, thicken or deepen in colour.
Some of the common types include:
Also known as naevus vascularis or capillary haemangiomas, these appear as raised, bright red bumps within a few weeks of birth. They often grow rapidly for several months before gradually shrinking, usually disappearing by school age.
These are flat vascular marks present from birth that generally persist without fading. They vary in size and location and can be associated with rare underlying conditions in some cases. Capillary malformations include:
Flat, dark red or purple patches often appear on one side of the face or body that do not fade on their own. These marks often appear on one side of the face or body and may darken or thicken with age. In rare cases, they can be linked with underlying vascular or neurological conditions, such as Sturge-Weber syndrome.
Stork bite or angel kiss birthmarks are light pink or red, flat patches that are commonly seen in newborns. They develop on the eyelids, forehead or the back of the neck. Facial lesions, often called angel kisses, usually fade within the first year or two. Meanwhile, nape lesions, known as stork bites, may persist longer and sometimes remain into childhood.
Typically result from differences in melanocyte number, distribution, depth or melanin production. Melanocytes are the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its colour. Pigmented birthmarks typically range from light brown to dark brown or bluish-grey and their appearance can change gradually with age.
The most common types include:
Dermal melanocytosis (Mongolian spots)
Bluish-grey patches most commonly appear on the lower back or buttocks of newborns, especially among Asian and darker-skinned infants. They are non-threatening and usually fade naturally during early childhood.
These are moles present from birth that can vary widely in size and texture. Larger congenital naevi carry a small risk of developing melanoma, so long-term monitoring by a dermatologist is important. In some cases, surgical excision can also be performed to reduce risk or for cosmetic reasons.
Typically appear as flat, light to dark brown patches that may appear singly or at multiple sites. They usually do not indicate any medical concerns, but may warrant medical attention if multiple spots are present, as this can be linked to genetic conditions like neurofibromatosis.
These are bluish-grey or slate-coloured patches that typically affect the skin around the eye, upper cheek or temple. It is more common in children of Asian descent. While these marks are usually stable and harmless, regular dermatological evaluation is recommended to monitor for any changes in size, colour or texture, ensuring early detection of rare complications and proper reassurance for parents.
The exact cause is not fully understood, but most are thought to result from localised changes in the skin during early development in the womb. These changes occur randomly and are not caused by anything a parent did or did not do during pregnancy.
Pigmented birthmarks develop due to clusters of pigment-producing cells in the skin, which create areas of darker colour.
Vascular birthmarks occur because of abnormal formation or growth of blood vessels in the affected area, leading to red or pink patches.
In most cases, birthmarks are isolated findings and usually do not indicate an underlying health problem.
Birthmarks vary widely in appearance. Some are caused by clusters of blood vessels (vascular) and may be slightly raised, soft or flat with a smooth or textured surface. Others are due to pigment-producing cells (pigmented) and tend to be flat with even or mottled colouration.
Most birthmarks remain stable and do not cause issues, though certain vascular birthmarks can occasionally develop surface complications, such as bleeding, ulceration or thickening.
Overall, birthmarks differ in size, shape and texture, reflecting their underlying cause rather than posing inherent health risks.
Birthmarks are very common. They occur in all ethnicities and both genders, though certain factors increase the likelihood:
Most are harmless and purely cosmetic. However, a small proportion may be associated with underlying medical conditions, particularly if large, rapidly growing or present in multiple areas.
This includes:
Birthmarks are usually diagnosed through a careful clinical assessment. This allows the dermatologist to determine the type of birthmark, its depth and whether any further investigations are needed.
Evaluation includes:
Our dermatologist will examine the birthmark’s colour, border, texture, size, shape and location. They will also review when it appeared, either at birth or later and note any changes in growth, thickness or symptoms.
A dermoscope helps visualise fine structures within the skin. This reveals subtle differences between different lesions, allowing more precise diagnosis without the need for biopsy. Dermoscopy is particularly helpful in distinguishing between benign moles and atypical pigmentary growths.
When deeper or complex vascular malformations are suspected, non-invasive imaging such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) angiography may be used. These techniques assess the depth of the lesion, involvement of underlying tissues and blood flow patterns.
A skin biopsy may be performed if the birthmark has unusual features, shows rapid change or raises concern for malignancy. This involves removing a tiny tissue sample for microscopic examination. Blood tests are rarely required but may support diagnosis if a birthmark is associated with a systemic or genetic condition.
Most birthmarks are innocuous and only need observation. However, when a lesion affects appearance, function or carries a medical risk, treatment may be advised. The goal is to either reduce visibility, prevent complications or restore comfort and confidence.
At Dermatology Collective, treatment decisions are guided by the type of birthmark, its depth and the patient’s age. Modern dermatological therapies offer safe and precise options for both vascular and pigmented lesions with minimal downtime, such as:
Birthmarks are extremely common and, in most cases, harmless. They represent localised differences in pigmentation or blood vessel development that occur naturally during early growth. While many fade or remain stable with time, others may change in colour, texture or size, especially during childhood or adolescence.
With modern dermatological treatments, both vascular and pigmented birthmarks can be assessed and managed with precision. Early evaluation allows dermatologists to rule out any associated conditions, identify which marks may benefit from treatment and plan the most suitable approach for long-term results.
Our dermatologists combine medical expertise with technology to offer safe and evidence-based treatment. Whether the goal is to lighten, flatten or simply monitor a birthmark, our care is guided by each patient’s comfort, safety and confidence.
Book an appointment for a professional assessment and personalised advice. Healthy skin begins with understanding and reassurance, allowing you or your loved ones to feel comfortable in your own skin.
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Weekdays | 8:30 AM – 5PM
Saturdays | 8:30 AM – 1:00 PM
Sundays | Closed
Whatsapp | +65 8300 3013
We’re more than a clinic; we’re a partnership. Together, it is our collective responsibility, where decisions are shared. We will listen to you, support you, and help you feel confident in your skin—because your skin health journey matters to us as much as it matters to you.
